L'amore da un altro punto di vista
Nessuno strumento standardizzato sembra adeguato a misurare le molteplici sfaccettature dell'amore, ma le conoscenze sul funzionamento del cervello hanno fornito mezzi di indagine arrivando a quella che si dice “SCIENTIFICIZZAZIONE” dell’amore.
Per quanto poco poetico possa risultare, ciò ha consentito di documentare l’intervento di vari sistemi neurali e neurotrasmettitoriali coinvolti in esso.
L’amore è un processo che coinvolge l’uomo nella sua globalità biologica, psicologica e sociale ed è finalizzato a promuovere la vicinanza tra due individui allo scopo di favorire la riproduzione della specie, il senso di sicurezza, la gioia ed il benessere, attraverso l’attenuazione delle sensazioni spiacevoli provocate dall’ansia e dallo stress.
Il termine processo indica che l’amore è un entità dinamica, con un inizio preciso e con una evoluzione che segue tappe ben determinate.
Può accompagnare tutta la nostra esistenza, ed è una condizione cui siamo capaci di approcciarci nella sua interezza quando il cervello ha raggiunto un livello ottimale di sviluppo.
Origina a partire dall’attrazione che, a livello soggettivo, si estrinseca come innamoramento, ed è seguito dall’attaccamento.
PRIMA TAPPA : ATTRAZIONE-INNAMORAMENTO
Si tratta di un’esperienza improvvisa ed imprevedibile, finalizzata a favorire il legame tra due persone molto diverse dal punto di vista genetico e la procreazione di individui più forti, quindi è strettamente connesso alla sopravvivenza della specie.
La durata, da 6 mesi a 3 anni, da un punto di vista evoluzionistico è interpretato come tempo minimo affinchè una donna rimanga incinta e provveda alle cure del neonato, e l’uomo si occupi di loro.
L’attrazione viene regolata dagli stessi sistemi che entrano in gioco nelle emozioni primarie: ansia e paura. Secondo questa teoria, diversi stimoli, in particolar modo quelli visivi, cambierebbero l’equilibrio chimico e/o funzionale del cervello.
L’innamoramento non è un processo volontario, così come la scelta di un individuo piuttosto che un altro: La scelta viene determinata da ricordi ancestrali conservati nel nostro ippocampo, collegati agli stati emotivi delle prime esperienze positive, evocate da chi si occupava di noi.
La "sintomatologia dell’attrazione" ricorda la fase ipomaniacale del disturbo bipolare e questo fa pensare che potrebbe essere sotteso ad analoghe modificazioni neurochimiche, come aumento di funzionalità dei sistemi dopaminargico e noradrenergico.
Altre caratteristiche dell’attrazione si possono osservare in comportamenti come restringimento degli interessi e pensieri intrusivi riguardanti il partner. Da qui l’analogia tra idea ossessiva tipica del disturbo ossessivo-compulsivo (DOC) e idea prevalente dell’innamoramento.
In effetti, le ultime ricerche ci insegnano che esplorando l’ipotesi che ci potesse essere una sovrapposizione a livello di disfunzione serotoninergica, si è notato che i soggetti che si erano innamorati da poco tempo, ancora nella fase romantica, in assenza di rapporti sessuali, la densità del trasportatore piastrinico della serotonina risulta simile a quella osservata in un gruppo di pazienti affetti da DOC.
La tempesta biochimica scatenata dall’attrazione provoca, inoltre, cambiamenti ormonali. Nelle fasi dell’innamoramento si presentano elevati i livelli di cortisolo che evidenziano come la creazione di legami sociali sia una situazione stressante.
Il testosterone, invece, mostra un andamento caratteristico e opposto a seconda del sesso: negli uomini diminuisce e nelle donne aumenta, in modo che gli individui dei due generi si incontrino a metà strada!
ATTACCAMENTO
L’attaccamento è la fase che segue quella dell’attrazione e necessita di tempo per verificarsi.
E' caratterizzato dall’esigenza di vicinanza, da segni comportamentali e fisiologici di malessere e agitazione quando si verifica la separazione dall’oggetto dell’attaccamento
Nell’ultimo decennio si è sottolineato il ruolo chiave di neuropeptidi come ossitocina e vasopressina nell’inizio e nel mantenimento dell’attaccamento infantile, del comportamento materno e della formazione della coppia.
Le catecolamine, in particolare dopamina, attiva la curiosità e quindi l’interesse verso l’altro;
In conclusione, appare chiaro che l’attrazione e l’attaccamento non siano regolati dal caso, ma da processi biologici ben stabiliti con ovvie importanti conseguenze da un punto di vista evoluzionistico.
La formazione dei legami fra simili non è comunque legata solo alla riproduzione, ma ha lo scopo di fornire una ambiente sicuro dove i neonati possono essere protetti fino al raggiungimento della loro autonomia.
Bibliografia
Jannini A. E., Lenzi A., Maggi M., "Sessuologia medica. Trattato di psicosessuologia e medicina della sessualità", Elsevier, 2007.
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